CHAPTER 1: THE INTRODUCTION TO A COMPUTER

A.  Reading Text

Instruction: Read the following text silently and loudly!

        A computer is a series of engine electronics that consists of millions of components that can mutually work together, as well as establish a system of work that is neat and meticulous. Then, the system is used to carry out the work is automated, based on the instruction (program) given to it.

        A “computer” undergoes development according to the environment, culture, discipline of science, and a person’s scientific background, such as computer science. According to Barnhart’s Concise Dictionary of Etymology, the word used in language English in the year 1646 as the word for “people who calculate” and then towards 1897 also for “the tool calculates the mechanical.” During World War II, it pointed to the working women in the US and the UK who consider the artillery battle significant with a machine like that.

Philosophically, the computer is a dead object (tool), which can assist humans in easing in resolve such jobs. Because humans are living creatures while hardware and software are the dead objects, then making or creating (create) hardware and software that is for the benefit of humans, in terms of these terms of human is the brain ware of the computer. 

Computers By Type

The history of computer development from generation to generation shows how different they are physical. Forms of computers based on the type are distinguished by group, data storage capacity, and data processing.

1.      Based on a group

·       General Purpose Computer is an unusual computer, commonly used to work every day (routine) as employment offices are varied.

·     Special Purpose Computer is a computer that is used to complete work or special applications. Special-purpose at the beginning is a general-purpose used in particular and customized with the configuration or equipment that has been modified.

2.     Based on the capacity

·     Micro Computer (Personal Computer) was created to meet individual needs (personal). At first, the memory owned by a personal computer ranged between 32 to 64 KB (KiloBytes). But in a development memory of a personal computer to above 128 MB (MegaBytes). Examples of computer micro's like a desktop workstation or tower, laptop, notebook, etc.

3.      Based on the data processing

• Digital Computer is a computer that can be used to process quantitative data. 
• Analog Computer is a computer that can be used to process qualitative data. 
• A hybrid computer is a computer that can be used to process quantitative or qualitative data.

 

B.   Questions

Instruction: Answer the following questions based on the text!

1.      How to run computers in the first generation?

2.      In what generation are general-purpose computers used?

3.      Do second-generation computers have a new component that can drastically reduce machine sizes called?

4.      Why should computers evolve?

5.      What is meant by Hardware, Software, and Brain ware? Give examples!

6.      What is classified as a hardware import and process?

7.      What is a programming language?

8.      Why do computers have to perform peripheral maintenance?

9.      Mention Understanding of the Operating System on a Computer?

10.  Mention the types of operating systems on the computer!

 

C.  Vocabulary

Instruction: Pay Attention to the Difficult Words below!

No	List of Difficult Words	Pronounciation	Meaning
1	Meticulous	məˈtikyələs	Teliti
2	Automated	ˈôdəˌmādəd	Otomatis
3	Development	dəˈveləpmənt	Pengembangan
4	Scientific	ˌsiənˈtifik	Ilmiah
5	Tool	to͞ol	Alat
6	Mechanical	məˈkanək(ə)l	Mekanis
7	Machine	məˈSHēn	Mesin
8	Hardware	ˈhärdˌwer	Perangkat keras
9	Software	ˈsôf(t)wer	Perangkat lunak
11	Brainware	Breinwer	Pengguna komputer
12	Storage	ˈstôrij	Penyimpanan
13	Capacity	kəˈpasədē	Kapasitas
14	Memory	ˈmem(ə)rē	Penyimpanan
15	Byte	ˌbīt	Satuan ukuran penyimpanan paling kecil

 

D.  Language Focus: Personal Pronoun

Definition of Personal Pronouns

A Personal pronoun is a pronoun (word change) that is used for people, animals, objects, or things in specific. The word change is dependent on the role (subject, object, possessive), number, person to -, and gender of the noun that was replaced.

Personal pronoun sentence patterns:

Subject + is / are + verb + object + adverb

Note:

Subject and object as a personal pronoun.

a.      Personal Pronoun Parameters

In contrast with the noun that has a shape that is the same functioning as subject or object and adding apostrophe when functioning as a possessive, form the word change is dependent on several parameters, namely:   

·        Case (subjective, objective, and possessive)

·        Number (singular and plural)

·        Person (first, second, and third)

·        Gender (female, male, and neutral)

 

Number	Person	Case
		Subjective	Objective	Possessive
Singular	1st	I	Me	Mine
	2nd	you	you	Yours
	3rd	she, he, it	her, him, it	hers, his
Plural	1st	we	Us	Ours
	2nd	you	you	Yours
	3rd	they	them	Theirs

 

 

b.      Personal Pronoun and Noun

Subjective, Objective, and Possessive Personal Pronouns

A personal pronoun can function as a subject, object, or possessive (case parameter). The following is an explanation and example of the sentence.       

1.   Subjective personal pronouns (I, you, they, we, she, he, it) means personal pronouns function as a subject.   

Ø  Examples

(+) He is an engineer 

(-)  He is not an engineer 

(?) Is he an engineer?

2.   Objective personal pronouns (me, you, us, them, her, him, it) means that a personal pronoun can function as: 

·         object of a verb

·         object of a preposition

Ø  Examples

(+) He brings me two laptops 

(-)  He does not bring me two laptops

(?) Does he bring me two laptops?  

3.   Personal possessive pronouns (mine, yours, ours, theirs, hers, his) means the personal pronoun serves to show anyone who has something to occupy positions as: the subject of a sentence, subject complement, or object.    

Ø Examples

(+) His computer is high-speed

(-)  His computer is not high-speed

(?) Is his computer high-speed?

c.       First, Second, and Third-Person Personal Pronouns

A personal pronoun can occupy a position as 1st person, 2nd person, or 3rd person (parameter person). Explanations and examples of sentences are as follows.       

1.      1st person - the first (I, we) is used when being spoken as the first (self-own). We can use the word replace rather than using his name.   

Ø  Examples

(+) I would be pleased if you operate my computer.  

(-) I would not be pleased if you do not operate my computer.  

(?) Would I be pleased if you operate my computer?

2.      2nd person - the second (you) is used when you are talking with the other (acting as the second). We can use the word change to the second personal pronoun rather than mention the name of the original.   

Ø  Examples

(+) You should put your laptop on the table.   

(-) You should not put your laptop on the table.   

(?) Should you put your laptop on the table?   

3.      3rd person - the third (she, he, it, her, him, it, they, them) used when you are talking about the other (the other acts as the third), we can mention his name/ their names at the beginning of the talks, subsequently replaced by the word change third person.   

Ø  Examples

(+) Gemi is very kind, and he is very friendly

(-)  Gemi is not very kind, and he is not very friendly

(?) Is Gemi very kind, and is he very friendly?